I have always enjoyed the poems of Voltairine de Cleyre,
(November 17, 1866–June 20, 1912) and admired the woman. What some Glaswegians may not know is that she visited Glasgow and thanks to Glasgow anarchist comrades she got to see some parts of Scotland outside Glasgow, and stated she loved the highlands. Though I think it was mainly around the Loch Lomond area that she visited.
I particularly like this poem by
Voltairine;
The Road Builders
(“Who built the beautiful roads?” queried a friend of the present order, as we walked one day along the macadamized driveway of Fairmount Park.)
I saw them toiling in the blistering sun,
Their dull, dark faces leaning toward the stone,
Their knotted fingers grasping the rude tools,
Their rounded shoulders narrowing in their chest,
The sweat dro’s dripping in great painful beads.
I saw one fall, his forehead on the rock,
The helpless hand still cluthcing at the spade,
The slack mouth full of earth.
And he was dead.
His comrades getnly turned his face, until
The fierce sun glittered hard upon his eyes,
Wide open, staring at the cruel sky.
The blood yet ran upon the jagged stone;
But it was ended. He was quite, quite dead:
Driven to death beneath the burning sun,
Driven to death upon the road he built.
He was no “hero”, he; a poor, black man,
Taking “the will of God” and asking naught;
Think of him thus, when next your horse’s feet
Strike out the flint spark from the gleaming road;
Think that for this, this common thing, The Road,
A human creature died; ‘tis a blood gift,
To an o’erreaching world that does not thank.
Ignorant, mean and soulless was he? Well —
Still human; and you drive upon his corpse.
Philadelphia, 24 July 1900
Voltairine de Cleyre:
American Radical
De Cleyre wrote:
The first act of our life was to kick against an unjust
decree of our parents, and we have unflinchingly stood for the kicking
principle ever since. Now, if the word kicking is in bad repute with
you, substitute non-submission, insubordination, rebellion, revolt,
revolution, whatever name you please which expresses non-acquiescence to
injustice.
Her own father was a working-class French immigrant who earned his
American citizenship fighting in the Civil War. Her mother was the child
of abolitionists. Her parents sent young Voltairine to a convent
school, where she learned how to be a debater and an atheist. She was
writing poetry at six. At nineteen, she was writing and lecturing on
Free Thought, the philosophical idea that truth should be based on
reason and empiricism rather than authority and dogma.
In her short life, she would publish “hundreds of works—poems, sketches, essays, lectures, pamphlets, translations, and short stories,”
writes scholar Eugenia DeLamotte. And yet de Cleyre would be largely
excluded from history for the next century because of her radical
stance. DeLamotte describes de Cleyre’s radicalism as above all “a
rhetoric of self-decolonization aimed at disrupting the ideological
configuration of her readers’ interior lives, freeing them to
rearticulate those lives” and imagine change.
De Cleyre made a precarious living in Philadelphia teaching English
to the Jewish immigrant community. She also tirelessly wrote, edited,
lecture, and organized. The events of the Haymarket Affair in Chicago in
1886—which led to four anarchists being executed after a dubious trial,
as part of the struggle for the eight-hour work day—turned her into an
anarchist.
According to Palczewski, contemporary reformers like Emma Goldman,
Margaret Sanger, Crystal Eastman, Helen Gurley Flynn, and Louise Bryant
likened marriage to prostitution. “De Cleyre, by contrast, developed a
general critique of social roles and institutions by rejecting the
institution of marriage, arguing that women are raped in marriage, not
prostituted by it.” In de Cleyre’s own words, “And that is rape, where a
man forces himself sexually upon a woman whether he is licensed by the
marriage law to do it or not. And that is the vilest of all tyranny
where a man compels the woman he says he loves, to endure the agony of
bearing children that she does not want.”
De Cleyre also rejected the social purity movement of the day and the suppression of obscenity that went along with it. Birth control information, for example, was then considered obscene.
Palczewski calls de Cleyre “an important rhetorical and feminist
figure because her anarchist feminism is an early precursor to many of
the radical critiques of women’s sexual status that came out of the
‘second wave’ of feminism.”
Intellectually fierce, de Cleyre had a short and difficult life.
She wrote her own epitaph: “I die, as I have lived, a free spirit, an
Anarchist, owing no allegiance to rulers, heavenly or earthly.”
Visit ann arky's home at
radicalglasgow.me.uk